Media G321 Blog- Foundation Portfolio Alberto Santos Pinto 6129

The Preliminary Task

Members of my Group:
Alberto Santos Pinto (me)- Presenter
Jason Hall- Editor g321jasonhall.blogspot.co.uk
Jason Cueto- Editor jasoncueto39.blogspot.co.uk
Eduardo Porfirio de Souza- Guest eduardoporfiriodesouza2016.blogspot.co.uk

One of the first tasks that I needed to do in media was called the preliminary task. In the preliminary task I was able to choose people within my class so that I could make a group of 4 and our task was to make a radio show which contain a interview with a special guest and the whole radio show has to be around 30-40 seconds. With my group we had first came up with the name of our radio show and the theme of it which was music and therefore our name for our radio show was called 'Tune Fm'.


Here's a video showing evidence of us discussing about our radio show: 

In this video clip it shows me and my group discussing on what to add within our script and what to take out, as we needed a script as we can function more effectively when our recording radio show rather than improvising before hand. We had also discussed the jingle and recordings in the radio as jingle is a important element within our radio show as every professional radio show starts with an jingle just to enforce the theme of the show and entertain their listeners. Furthermore, from the video Jason Hall who is the editor of the radio show had explain to us that he has place 3 soundtracks in audacity so that we had 3 options on choosing which jingle we had prefer the most and we had eventually decided one of the three jingles in the soundtracks as we though it had fitted well with the overall theme of the radio show.  


In the process of doing this we also were also creating the script of the radio show and who will be talking in it as well.

Here is a draft version of our script and our actually script:

The draft version of the script

This is our Latest Script

From the two pictures you can clearly evidence of my work with my group on creating the script. As you can see in the scripts above our group decided to have Ed Sheeran as our special guest, due to the fact that our theme of the radio show is music meaning that our guest should be related to music such as musicians, singers, songwriters and so on. In addition, we also decided for me to become the host of our radio show and as this radio show is meant to be fun and upbeat meaning that my voice has to seem enthusiastic towards the audience who are listening. Originally, in our group we had decided for one of us to impersonate Ed Sheeran's however we later on decided on getting voice clips of Ed Sheeran and then adding them in our radio show so it can actually seem that were talking to Ed Sheeran, however due to this most of our script has change.

Here is evidence of me recording by using audacity:

Evidence of me recording

Evidence of us editing parts of a recording

Evidence of using audacity

In the images above it shows me recording my lines that are in the script using the necessary equipment to do this, along with the program called audacity. While recording my lines we had frequently needed to re-record my lines so that it fits the necessary criteria that my group had set, which therefore creates a great radio show. After finishing recording we all had to edited parts of the radio show using audacity as it contains the necessary tools to do this and add a soundtrack to make a more convincing radio show. In addition, as well as creating script and recording our radio show, we also had to create a jingle for our radio show which had to fit the theme of it, as our theme is music we had decided to have a very steady and upbeat jingle so that our audience can identify the theme of our radio show.

Here is evidence of editing the radio show:

Using the Amplify effect

When editing the radio show we had to cut out unwanted bits within a recording and we also used tools and effects in audacity, such as the amplify effect (which can be seen in the image above) which helps us to increase or decrease the amplitude of certain recordings that we had consider that is too loud or too quiet. The use of the amplify effect is important as it helps us to make the right type of volume and amplitude within a certain recording and in our case most of the recordings could have been considered to be a bit too loud so in the majority of our recordings we used the amplify effect to lower the amplitude of it. Furthermore, we had also used the time shift tool which was a useful tool in audacity which allows us to more the positions of certain recordings in our radio show so that we can tightly organize our recordings and put them in the places where they should be.


Here is evidence of editing our soundtrack:

Editing the Soundtrack

In addition towards us creating the script we had also decided to make short soundtrack for our special guest when speaking in our radio show so as if it seems from the audience that we are welcoming the guest with a good piece of music. Since our special guest in our radio show is Ed Sheeran we had decided to add a soundtrack of one of his most popular song " Thinking out loud" by using YouTube converter to make a mp3 version of it so we can use in our radio show. In the picture above you can see before adding the soundtrack in our radio we had to edit some bits of it such as cutting out most of the majority of the song as we needed at least 5-10 seconds soundtrack as it introduces our guest Ed Sheeran and radio show is meant to be 30-40 seconds so it can be too long. In addition, we had also used the amplify effect to lower the amplitude of the soundtrack since the original was quite loud. Lastly, we had also used the fade out effect in audacity to help shift to when Ed Sheeran starts specking as by using the fade effect helps to effective transition the soundtrack to Ed Sheeran which as result makes a great introduction for him.

Flow Chart

Lastly, before making our radio show we needed to know the order in which effect individual action in the radio show would take place so me and my group decided to create a flow chart to easily manage this much more effectively. From the image of my flow chart above you see how place each action in an individual circle so we can know what will come first and what will come after it. The flow chart was very effective in recording the radio show as me and my group were able to know what to say and do when we were recording and therefore less time was wasted when recording the radio show and less mistakes had happen as well when recording.



Here is the complete radio show: 

Understanding Genre

What is News

I believe that the word 'news' should refer to a story that addresses and impacts the whole world in a positive way or a negative way which in a way creates a long term effect, which makes the story hard for people to forgot about. Also, the news has to be a story that interesting enough so it can get the viewers attention quickly such as talking about the latest gossip of a famous celebrity or the newest fashion look that can be read in a magazine. Lastly, it should also be a story that is a completely unexpected which can consequently affect many people in a area, nation or around the world and also a story that must have all the facts so that it can it become creditable. For example on the Thursday 23rd of June was where Britain left the EU which will affect many people across the UK and it is factual.

To further understand what the news I had done research regarding on the elements needed to make a great news story and to know what is news and to prove that I done research here is evidence of my work:

This is an article from the BBC News about a Belarus Pub Selling cow blood Hemoatogen ( A type of nutrients bar) 

From researching this article to further understand what news is I was able to find key aspects within the article that suggests why it is newsworthy. This is because in headline it says " Belarus pubs urged to sell cow-blood snacks" as soon as it says 'cow blood' this would seem unexpected to have in a snack and can catch a reader's attention quickly. This will suggest that from the headline the news must be a story that can someone attention quickly by introduction something new and unexpected which can make someone feel interested in reading. Furthermore, within the sub-heading of the article it further expands the headline point says the local health department wants the pub owner to stack hemoatogen in his counter which contains cow blood. From the reader perspective this type of news story would seem quite unusual in sorts which further emphasizes the unexpectedness of a news story is relative to make it great and interesting.

News Values

To further understand the concept of what news is and to know how to produce a great news story I had research a upon a news element called news values. News values are a set of guidelines and methods of ways to easily pick out stories around the world so they can be seen within the media and give a positive or negative impression towards that certain stories. There are 9 news values as a whole and each hold a significant effect towards the type of news stories that the media will be covering and how they will attain that story.

All of the different types of news values 

Timeliness: The timeliness news value is one that focuses on events that occur during the day or a recent event that had a occur yesterday. This type of news value is the most at the whole news value that most journalists and news stations like to cover as they know that most of the entire public would like know things that are currently happening now than something happening 2 weeks ago. So this type of news value is an effective method of pleasing the mass majority of the public which as a result creates a better news story.

Proximity: The news value proximity is when a type of news event that happens relatively closer to is more significant and news worthy than what is currently happening somewhere else. This type of news value is another most commonly used as for example a country like  Australia would find events happening there more relevant than whats happening in the UK. This is because certain events that impact a majority of people in a certain area would make somebody from there find that more important than somewhere else as it effects them and only them not somebody else. As a result, a journalist would take advantage of that situation and use that event place in the media due to it being more news worthy in that area and therefore create a great news story.

Unusual/Surprise: In it's name it simply means an event that happens unexpectedly. This types of news value most popular among many journalists as events that a occur unexpectedly is claim to be a highly news worthy story. This is because it is something new that a area, nation or the world doesn't known about which is important to a journalists and news stations to a large extent as gives them the chance to produce a story that hasn't been seen yet which as a result makes a people feel more interested in reading that story instead of other stories.

Bad News: The news value bad news is a news story that covers a story which something horrible or tragic that had occur which makes the viewer feel sad and angry. Bad news usually becomes a news worthy story if a significant amount of people have been affected or killed and in most cases on a specific amount of people are chosen to be said in the story for example if the British media that covers a story about a earthquake that killed or injury at least 120 people they would only talk about  the amount of British people who were killed or injury and not talk about the other people who killed by the earthquake. This is because most of the media in different countries like to show their viewers the people from the same ethnicity instead of others people as from the media's point of view using a news story talking people from the same ethnicity is more important than other people.

Area map of London

Impact: This news value means a event that can affect a large number of people around it. This news value usually clashes with other news values such as bad news and it usually affects a lot of people which then the news value impact becomes relevant in that context. An example of this is that if there is a strike of transportation workers and therefore people who usually use the tube to go to work are unable to. This is good example of the news value impact as it is concerning a large number of people in a negative and events that affect a lot of people are highly news worthy stories for journalists and news stations to use.  

Celebrity/Elite: This news value refers to events or stories that concern famous people around the world or to a powerful nation. This type of news value is usually found within news articles, magazines television and so on and this due to it being used in international news where stories from certain places are seen throughout the world. Such as news talking Kim Kardashian as a famous celebrity which many journalists and magazines around the world like to talk and as a result it makes this story international. Therefore, stories that are related to famous people or powerful nations are seen as more news worthy as the media reflects them as important to viewers.

Entertainment: This news value refers to human interest which ultimately means stories that we find interesting and fun to read about. News stories relating to entertainment is commonly seen in many news articles as entertainment is a great for viewers to enjoy a story instead of reading a serious stories which can attract more viewers as it provides a great to for them to know something entertaining has occur somewhere in the world or near their area. Therefore, this will likely encourages journalists to found humorous and interesting stories for people to read, for example a latest article in the BBC news called "Moscow hunts for theatre's missing star cat" and in it's names it talks about a cat that has a major part in a production called 'Martin McDonagh's black comedy The Lieutenant of Inishmore'  has gone missing. From the viewers point of view this can be seen as comedic as refers to a cat being the most important thing in the production which can be seen as ridiculous and strange by the people who are reading the story which then becomes humorous and makes it a news worthy story.

Follow ups: This means stories that were original brought upon from the news at least week or day ago have gotten a new development. This news values usually accounts stories that address a huge issue and it is well known or heard of by the public and in some cases very vital to know about. An example of a news story that contain follow ups is the Syrian Crisis where talks about the bombings and the civil war currently happening in Syria due to the terrorist group 'The Islamic State' or refers as 'ISIS' which is a major news story that concerns many people across the world. Stories like these gain developments as it is still an ongoing crisis and many people across the world wants know the current details about it, which as a result pushes journalists to find a development of the story or situation.

Media Agenda: This news value means a certain newspaper that has a certain outlook towards a certain issue. A media agenda in a newspaper is commonly seen however it focuses on stories that can impact or affect many people and can also impact not just one country but many countries. A example of an media agenda is that a newspaper such as the sun focus on immigration and most seen topic that the sun covers about immigration is Brexit as this affects immigrants who wanting to enter this country. This therefore, suggests that media agenda stories are news worthy as stories like immigration are important for newspapers who focus on stories such as those and it is also news worthy as does affect a large majority of people.  

Codes and Convections

In my next task I had to record a morning local news in a certain area in the UK which is found in the BBC radio website and must start at 10am where I have to record at least 6 minutes of it in audacity. After finishing recording the local news I had to find examples of a codes and convection that are in the recorded local news record and place them here in my blog. The local news that I decided was BBC Essex, which is a county in England located north east of London and used the local news there to find the codes and convections to help with my task.

Here is the UK map showing where Essex is located

Codes and convections are techniques used by radio shows that provides a certain effect within a radio show or towards the audience. Each code and convection can varied depending on the context of the show, for example a music radio show would used a codes and convection such as very lively jingles and enjoyable interviews so that the audience can be entertain whereas a news related radio show would used a very formal or serious types of interviews so that the audience can be informed. From analysing the local news I was able to identify 5 different kinds of codes and convections that were used in it and have explain what each convection does and how it can affect the audience.   

Here are examples of codes and convections in a local news broadcast:

Example of Continuity Presenter: 

The first code and convection that I identify in the local news broadcast was a continuity presenter.  A continuity presenter is a recognizable news reporter who gives reliable information to their audience and this type of code and convection is mostly common in news related radio shows. This is useful as it gives a positive impression towards the radio show and as by continuing giving reliable information to the audience it makes easier for the audience to the believe that their stories are more creditable which therefore makes this code and convection value for an local news radio show such as this one to used.

Example of a jingle:

The second code and convection that I found in the local news broadcast is a jingle. A jingle is usually a short music recording that it is used for an introduction of an radio show and can vary depending on the theme of the overall radio show. Since the one am currently researching is a local news broadcast the jingle has be that can reflect the entire of their local news broadcast and in most cases the jingle has a quite serious tone. However this local news broadcast contains a more uplifting or an outgoing type of theme within it, which will suggest that the news broadcast is contains some fun/entertaining elements within it while it still contains the same type of serious tone.

Example of an Interview:

 
The third code and convection that I had discover in the local news broadcast was a interview. An interview is when someone is being directly asked questions for good use of the interviewers interests or research and this type of code and convection is the most common in radio shows and news broadcasts. This is because an interview is able to show to the audience of the evidence that an radio show has made which will therefore make their work and research more creditable  due to the fact that proving towards their listeners that they have actually made an interview. In this case an interview in local news broadcast would be in essential to them as every news story needs a piece of evidence to make their stories more creditable   

Example of Duration




The fourth code and convection I had identify in local radio broadcast is duration. Duration is when a presenter in local news broadcast will directly tell the audience (usually in the news broadcast introduction) the current time of the broadcast and it will therefore help the audience indicate when the broadcast should end. This type of code and convection is usually not used in most cases and as it would mostly appear in news broadcasts that contain new stories or different types of content, whereas in cases where the news broadcast is giving updated news the duration isn't needed for the broadcast.  However this it self makes a duration a useful code and convection for a local news broadcast as the audience can identity that it is a new story builds interest and excitement from the audience as they are hoping to see something new, which as result can create a useful code and convection for a local news broadcast.

Example of dead air


The last code and convection I was able to identify in the local news broadcast was no dead air. The code and convection dead air refers to a when there is a complete silent in local broadcast or radio show from 3secs and onwards. In every news broadcast they must try to prevent using dead air as the audience would start to get bored and the presenter would start lose their pace in the news broadcast which would get noticed by the audience and be seen as unprofessional. In this local news broadcast case there wasn't any dead air and only had at least 0.5 seconds of silent which would be refer as no dead air and therefore show that the local news broadcast was effectively able to make the news broadcast at a good pace and well presented. 

Examples of codes and convections of a local news broadcast in a commercial radio station

In addition to looking for a code and convections of a local news broadcast from a radio station in the UK I was also tasked to find the codes and convections of a local news broadcast from a commercial radio station in the UK. From researching commercial radio stations I had decided to used a local news broadcast from a commercial radio station called magic 105.4 fm which aired in London. From Listening the local news broadcast in magic 105.4 fm I was able to identify only two specific codes and convections used in it and I analysed each one of the code and convection to why this was important to this specific local news broadcast.

Jingle:

The first code and convection I was able to identify in this local news broadcast was a jingle. The jingle in this code and convection was a more upbeat and gave a sense of a lively tune which suggests that it reflects the overall theme of the magic radio station as radio station known and common to put lively and entertaining music for people listener which therefore implies that magic's entertaining theme is reflected upon the local news broadcasts jingle. This is code and convection would be important to the local news broadcast as it would provide an overall good impression on what the local news broadcast would be like and it therefore make the audience seem more interested in listening to the broadcast.

Continuity Presenter:


The last code and convection I was able to identify in this local news broadcast is a continuity presenter. As to be expected the continuity presenter was clear when presenting the stories and had authority in her voice. This is a key element for a continuity presenter as it suggests to the audience that the presenter is be truthful when talking about the latest news updates which will therefore make the local news broadcasts stories more creditable and believable as the audience can indicate that they are speaking the true. This code and convection is important to this particular local news broadcast as the audience can be able to identify who is talking in the news broadcast which makes the listeners easier to keep trace on the process of the broadcast and the stories they are presenting due to the fact that the same presenter is speaking throughout the entire news broadcast.  

Content Analysis

 

Understanding audiences

Audience Research

For my next task I had to conduct an audience research into demographics of the listeners to local radio news bulletins and to do this I had decided to use 3 research methods on conducting this research which are primary and secondary research. Primary research is a research method where you carried out a research to answer specific issues or questions, whereas a secondary research is where you use sources or data in specific places such as the internet or newspapers to help you conduct your research. The first research method I used was primary research and the type of primary research I had used was an interview.

Evidence of me using Rajar 

 Secondary Research: Rajar (Quantitative)

When I was conducting my audience research I had used a website called raja which is website that designs and operate a single audience measurement system for the UK radio industry serving both the BBC and licensed commercial stations.  From the video above you can clearly see me showing evidence of me using Rajar and using this website was useful as I was able to find the amount of listeners who listen to Magic (London) which is a commercial news bulletin that I am researching for my audience research. This is because from the rajar website it's data indicates that magic (London) average audience is 12015 people and the average hours per listeners that listen to magic (London) is 4.7. From this research this suggests that magic (London) doesn't contain as many listeners than other commercial news bulletins in London which would imply only a selected few people across London like to listen to magic (London) and therefore suggest there is an specific demographic in the audience of magic (London).

Primary research- Interview (Qualitative)  

When I was conducting my primary research I had decided to do an interview which is a qualitative research method. A Qualitative research method is gaining an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It provides insights into the problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses. I believe that using this type of research is much easier and quicker to do is because it is easier for me to measure the data that I have collected and use it for answering my audience research as in my case I have used an interview and this will allow me to find the necessary details from members of the public to be used in my research.  I had use an interview as I believe it is much more effective towards being able to approach towards members of the public asking them four questions as it's less confronting and have easy questions which the members of the public didn't need to worry about. The questions within the interview are ultimately related to demographics of my audience and therefore help find my research on my target audience. I have decided to use this questions as it allows me to know the type of people my target audience through their hobbies, where they live and their opinions which will overall provide me good knowledge of their demographics.  

Here are the four questions I used:

1. How well do you know the area you live in
2. What do you like to do in the area
3. What do you like to improve in your area
4. What news do you like to hear in your area

Here are all of my interviews for my audience research:


Interview 1: 

 
In this interview we had ask one of the staff of a clothing shop in Westfield on questions about their area. From the interview the women seem to know a lot about her area and she express in her answer that she wanted cheaper transport and more news relating to cultural events.

Interview 2:

 

In this interview we had asked a random man in Westfield on questions about his local area. From the interview the man also seem to know a lot about this local area and from his vivid description of it, he seems to enjoy living there. However, he didn't seem to know what improvements could be done in his local area, which would imply that he is simply satisfied with it.

Interview 3:

 
In this interview we had asked one of the staff working in H&M on questions about their local area. From the interview it is heavily noticeable that she is a very active member of her community there and seems to enjoy it. However, she also answers that there are too many people living in her local area and wants more news relating to good people rather than the usual controversial or hated figures in the world.

Interview 4:

 
In this interview we have asked one of the staff who worked in top show where we asked him questions about his local area. From the interview he explains that he doesn't know much about his area seen he just recently moved to London from America but says he likes to enjoy there by doing leisure activities. In addition, he also explains that he was traffic within his local area to improve since it is becoming a problem and also wants news base on historical contents.
.

Overall from the four interviews I gotten a better understanding of audiences. As I have asked them things relating to the area they live in and ask them what type of hobbies they like to do in order to get a better picture of what my audience is really like. Each person interviewed gave different responds in which I wanted due to the fact I wanted to find a common theme of a hobby in which my audiences do. From these interviews I was able to find that my audience like to quite pro-active things and prefer to stay outside meaning that my audience is very sporty. 

Audience research 2

When understanding audiences I have to turn to the general public who are the main audience and tend to use the type of demographics to particulars parts of the audience to further understand more about audiences. However to gain better results from my research I am aiming to use not one analytical method but different types such the decoding and encoding. To do this I need first deepen my knowledge on audiences by understanding the concepts of encoding and decoding through the theory of a sociologist called Stuart Hall where he talks about this very concept of encoding and decoding.

Stuart Hall

Stuart Hall

Stuart Hall who was Jamaican born is a cultural theorist, political adviser and sociologist who worked in the UK from 1951. Stuart Hall became famous from his theory called the 'Hall's theory of encoding and decoding. Where he talks about the three different types of encoding which is the dominant reading, the oppositional reading and the negotiated reading where a the audience will approach a textual analysis with these three readings and suggests that the audience does not simply passively accept the text. In his theory of encoding and decoding he states that "a message must be perceived as meaningful discourse and be meaningfully de-coded before it has an effect, a use, or satisfies a need". This would suggest that a message given to an receiver must have a sort of meaning in it where the receiver is able to approach it with an decoding method and therefore decode the message effectively whilst giving an impact or effect to either the receiver or the person giving the message.

The Encoding and Decoding Model     

In Stuart Hall theory is made up of the encoding and decoding model to represent the entire concept of encoding and decoding with using the three readings of dominant, oppositinal and negotiated. 
Here is the diagram I created of the encoding and decoding model:

Model of Hall's theory of encoding and decoding

This model shows the construct of Stuart Hall's theory where it talks about how the audience approach's a certain message through the use of different factors such as personal experiences, cultural background and so on that can affect the audiences encoding and decoding. For example an older person's frameworks of knowledge would be partly different to a younger person's framework of knowledge. In summary Hall's theory of encoding and decoding helps to enforce the idea of how the audience would communicate differently towards certain things or messages. 

Dominant reading

Dominant reading or preferred reading is the reading that seems to be, for the majority of people in society, the natural or normal way to interpret a text. For example if someone provided money for a charity everyone would 100%  agree that would be a good thing to do. This will suggest that people decoding with dominant reading would have a less chance of misunderstanding or have different opinions regarding on the message the sender sends to the receiver as the receiver would easier interpret the text.

Negotiated reading

Negotiated reading is when the reader partly believes the code and broadly accepts the preferred reading, but sometimes modifies it in the way which reflects their own position, experiences and interests. For example someone may find a Big Mac from McDonalds delicious but only buy it rarely because they know it is very unhealthy. This will suggest the receiver does understand the code given by the sender however the receiver ultimately decodes the message through their personal opinions and experiences which will therefore make them either agree or disagree with the message.

Oppositional reading

Oppositional reading is when the viewer social position places them in an oppositional relation to the dominant code meaning they reject the reading. For example the viewer finds reality TV horrible as it is fake and ridiculous to them. This will suggest that the receiver rejects the message given to them and instead provides their own meaning of the message to the sender.

To further understand my audience I had decided to find a news item in the BBC and use the decoding methods of dominant, negotiated and oppositional reading to decode the news item and show an example of how each method works. This news item is talking about how Donald Trump is accusing the FBI of improbity as they found no evidence of her handling classified information and the electoral system is "Rigged" in her favour.

News Item:




After listening to this news item I would have a negotiated reading as I partly agree with Donald Trump that the FBI could have been more open or done more to investigating on the case of Hillary Clinton handling with classified documents as they extremely important and it is illegal for Hillary Clinton to do such an act. However I also can come to terms that the FBI have already officially claim that there is no evidence that Hillary Clinton hasn't been handling with classified information which will therefore suggest that there is no need for Donald Trump to further escalate the situation as it has already been done with. 

However, some people who have also listen to this news item would have a dominant reading as they could fully agree with Donald Trump that the FBI should have done more as what Hillary Clinton has done is illegal with handling with classified documents and shouldn't be left unnoticed by the FBI. Additionally, they would also agree with Donald Trump that the electoral system is "Rigged" in her favour as they could point out that the media is continuing to make Hillary Clinton seem as more better candidate and put a less emphasis on her handling classified information, whereas the media places a lot of accusations towards Donald Trump and therefore make Americans to naturally vote for her as a result.

Lastly, other people who have listened to this news item could have a oppositional reading as they could fully disagree with Donald Trump as they could argue that the FBI has already officially mention that can not find any evidence suggesting that Hillary Clinton has been meddling with classified information and say that Donald Trump is trying to pester people about this situation as he wants people to not to vote for her. Furthermore, they could also argue that Donald Trump has only been saying these accusations of the electoral system is "Rigged" in Hillary Clinton's favour as he is desperate for votes and knows she is ahead of him in terms of the polls information.

Hypodermic Needle Explanation:

The hypodermic needle theory supports the implication that media pieces are able to trigger a specific, desirable response in its target audience by "injecting" or "shooting" an appropriate message into them. Another name for this theory is the magic bullet theory, which instead of using the metaphor of a direct injection delivered by a syringe, uses the metaphor of a bullet shot by a gun, in which the bullet is the message intended for the target audience and the gun is the media outlet.

As media became more interactive with programs such as radio call-in shows and mediums such as the Internet, the hypodermic needle theory began to dwindle in significance, replaced by more complex theories, such as the two step of flow theory and diffusion of innovations theory. This is due to the option in interactive media for the audience to "answer back" and send messages, rather than simply receiving them only.

Dominant Ideology 

The term dominant ideology is the attitudes, beliefs, values, and morals shared by the majority of the people in a given society; as a mechanism of social control, the dominant ideology frames how the majority of the population thinks about the nature of society, their place in society, and their connection to a social class. An example of this is that in British society we have a dominant ideology of fairness of women for women's rights such as voting. However, in other areas their dominant ideology means that women gets lesser rights which prompt to feminism. This will suggest that dominant ideology would have different views depending on the type of people in society which will therefore show that my audience would have different dominant ideology and will have different views towards certain things.

Active and passive audience                          

Furthermore, when understanding my audience I also had to considered if my audience are active or passive. The term active audience means a type of audience that is very engaging, responsive and very proactive whereas a passive audience is a type of audience that is quiet, less argumentative and not as much proactive. This will suggest that when understanding my audience I would have to considered the fact that my audience would have different behaviours since there are categorise as active or passive so therefore I should have an audience which would fit what I want. For example if I wanted to have a less argumentative audience I would have wanted a more passive audience than a active audience since there are more responsive.

Effects theory

The effects theory states that media effects are topics relating to mass media and media culture effects on individual or audience thought, attitudes and behaviour. An example of this is that when an magazine shows female models who are wearing the latest clothes or newest make-up products this will influence young girls to be imprinted to them that girls are suppose wear clothes or make-up in that certain way and which will therefore provide a effect of influencing them to do that. This will suggest that the media provides different types of effects towards their audience due to their images and information of certain aspects which seems in most cases may seem to be perceive in a negative way, nevertheless this will show that the audience would be affected by the media through the use of mass media.

What does 'local' mean in terms of local news bulletins

Manchester- An example of a local area

I believe the term 'local' regarding in local news bulletin refers to coverage of events, by the news, in a local context that wouldn't be an interest of another locality, or otherwise be of national or international scope. This will suggest that people living in that local area such as London would be only interested on what's locally happening there than somewhere else near from there as they would have a more invested interest in that local area than from others. From the word 'local' it suggests that local news bulletins only happen within a local area within a county such as in England where a local news bulletin is located in Manchester which is a local area in England. Additionally, news bulletins containing 'local' in them would usually be broadcasted in a commercial radios in many countries whereas, in England the local news bulletins can also be broadcasted by a local network station such as the BBC and ITV news which contain other services which do this as well.

Media Habits

Media is a huge factor in my life, however I mostly use media for terms of habits and to me is it a great way for me to socialize with others.

A cinema

Films/ Cinema

Types of media habits that I usually do is for example, is going to the cinema which is very common thing I do with my friends and it is a great way for me to socialize as result. This is because the cinema is a great to place for me to catch up with friends or discuss related topics of the film we had watched which helps to start conversations with my friends. In addition, one of the best parts of going to the cinema is watching the different types of films there where after watching it I can write up reviews online and rating the film as well so people who are interested in that practically film can see what I had thought of it and can reply if they agree with me or not. My most favourite film genre is horror and action so I would most liking in a conversions with friends or typing up a review about it online, will give a more positive feedback towards it rather other genre films. This will show that this type of media habit helps me socialize more frequently with others and as it gives me a chance to try finding ways to help the certain days when I go to the cinema with my friends more interesting and it allows others to socialize with me about a certain films as well.

Twitter Logo

Snapchat Logo

WhatsApp Logo

 Social Media

Secondly, another example of a media habit that I usually used and helps me to socialize as a result is social media such as Facebook, WhatsApp, Snap chat and so on. Social media provides a great way for me to talk with friends and family in a more accessible way. This is because social media helps me to show what am currently doing to others, I can message my friends about certain events that we can go to and I can also check up on how others are doing. Such as I use Facebook to see what topics or events that my friends are posting about and also using it to message others about certain things e.g showing details about meeting somewhere or just talking to each other. In addition, I also used Snapchat to send pictures show where I am or things that I am currently doing, take selfies to show to my friends and used filters to customize it or just chat with friends in it. I used WhatApp to mostly talk to family members or close friends as you need someone's phone number to talk to someone in it. This will show that social media is great way for me to show my current status to others and know about other people current status as well while at the same time socialize with them as well.

The Play Station 4

Video Games

Lastly, one other media habit that I commonly do is playing video games in my Play Station Four (Ps4). Video games is one of my favourite types of media habits as it allows me to do a range of different types of things in ways that it makes it more convenient for me. One of my favourite types of games I like to play are RPG, Shooting games or Free Rom games such as Call of Duty, Elder Scrolls Online and so on. These types of games can also help to socialize with others as well because most of the games I play are online meaning that I can play with people within a certain region or across the world which can make video games much more exciting. In addition, other than video games can also allows me to experience a diversity of ideas and adventures that makes my day more entertaining, it also allows me to take pictures of certain times within the game and post them within the Ps4 to show my friends what I did. This is one of many things that video games can do and it is the reason why it is one of my favourite type of media habits.

Pieces of Media

An example of graffiti work

Graffiti

Because media is a big factor in my life in the form of socializing I can also find pieces of media very interesting to me as well. One form of piece of media that I find interesting in is graffiti, this is because graffiti at the same time has a very simple and complex display of wording and colours. This  piece of media is very intriguing to me because the amount of effort to create such great amount of art and the mixture of different types of colours helps to make each one stand out within the graffiti which makes it look an outstanding piece of media. However, the real reason why I like graffiti is because of the way you can project your message towards others. This is because graffiti uses the art of words to show the artist's true feelings. As words are known to be very powerful when you are trying to make a point towards others. Therefore, by using certain words and certain variety of colours as colours can represent different types of feelings or emotions, you can make your message much more clearly. This will show why graffiti is one of my favourite pieces of media.

An Example of a Birthday Card

An example of a 'Get well soon' card

Birthday and get well soon cards

Another piece of media that I also like and use in certain occasions are cards especially birthday cards. This because the words and messages cards provide give a very welcoming appeal, as they make the person receiving the card seem important and special, which can help lighten someone's day. In addition, the use of colours within cards can also create a certain mood in that certain situation. For example in 'get well soon' card' most colours used would be very light or bright as those types of colours represent happiness or fun. For that reason, this will make the card seem very light-hearted and cheerful and therefore make the person receiving the card seem more happy as a result. This will demonstrate how cards can help send a certain message towards someone depending on their situation and why it is one of my favourite pieces of media.

Walkthrough of my blog



Here is a walkthrough of my blog where I show the latest details and work I have put into my blog where I used the program called Camtasia to record myself talking. Within the walkthrough I discuss how I how research certain tasks and explain the meaning of my pictures and explantations I did and I gave details of how used primary and secondary research methods to be able to understand audiences with me also talking about the process of me doing my research on the encoding and decoding method. Furthermore, within the walkthrough I explain my group work tasks that I perform such as the preliminary task and answering the evalution questions where each require group work in order for the task to be completed in which I had explained within the walkthrough.

News Items 

My group:

Alberto Santos Pinto (Me)

Role: Editor

Jason Cueto

Role: Researcher and Sound editor

Panos Karachalios

Role: Script writer

Patricia Tiparu

Role: Presenter

For my next task I was put into a new group and this time I have to create 7 different local news item which are throughout 8 weeks of this task and to be completed then, with each one containing one main news topics which overall relate to the concept of news values. Within the news item have to include different types of codes and convections which include 2 interviews, 2 outside broadcasts, a vox pop and at least 7 different sound effects within it. When we completed making our news items we had to then put them all together to create our own news bulletin that has be at least 5mins long. In our group the place where our news item stories will be based on is in harrow road and the 7 news topics we include in each news item is entertainment, travel, business, crime, celebrity (lifestyle), follow ups and politics and to found the news sources will found a news website called harrow times where it talks about the latest events currently happening in harrow or things affecting people.  

Planning Skills for our News bulletin

Our News bulletin Schedule 

WEEK 1: Entertainment/ celebrity Honey G

- Jason Cueto: create the JINGLE and use secondary research to conduct research about Honey G’s latest update on the X-Factor. If possible, gather SFX such as outside noises from freesound.org

- Panos Karachalios: produce the script once the research notes are finished and conduct a Voxpop with Patricia Tiparu for OB. Completed by TUESDAY!

- Patricia Tiparu: gather at least 9 or 10 Voxpop for OB with Panos and record News items 1 by WEDNESDAY!

- Alberto Santos Pinto: Edit the recording by FRIDAY! When editing, use the envelope too and have it uploaded on Soundcloud to be embedded.

WEEK 2: Travel

- Jason Cueto: start researching about the next news item which is travel by using secondary research and get an audio clip of a superior related to the topic. 

-Panos Karachalios: once the research notes are passed over to you start composing the script and finished by WEDNESDAY!

- Patricia Tiparu: record news item 2 once the script is finished by THURSDAY!

-Alberto Santos Pinto: edit the recording once it is finished and use the Auto Duck tool this time and have it uploaded on Soundcloud to be embedded. Completed by FRIDAY!

WEEK 3: Crime

- Jason Cueto: use primary research to conduct research on the third news item by going to the scene where it occurred and use freesound.org to get SFX. 

- Panos Karachalios: create the script when the research notes are finished and a conduct an interview of an eye-witness where the incident occurred. 

- Patricia Tiparu: begin recording news item 3 by FRIDAY!

- Alberto Santos Pinto: finish the editing by SUNDAY and have it uploaded on Soundcloud to be embedded. 

WEEK 4: Follow-up 

- Jason Cueto: use secondary research to research news item 4 follow up and gather the required SFX. 

- Panos Karachalios: produce the script for news item 4 by TUESDAY!

- Patricia Tiparu: record news item 4 once the script is finished. Completed by WEDNESDAY!

- Alberto Santo Pinto: Finish the editing by FRIDAY! use sync-lock tool and have it uploaded on Soundcloud to be embedded.

WEEK 5: Business

- Jason Cueto: to get info, use secondary research on Harrow Times and visit the restaurant with Panos to gather interviews on the employees. Do on SATURDAY! Furthermore, get a music audio related to news item 

- Panos Karachalios: go with Jason in Harrow to get interviews and finish the script by TUESDAY! 

- Patricia Tiparu: start recording news item 5 by WEDNESDAY! 

- Alberto Santos Pinto: finish the recording by FRIDAY! and have it uploaded in Soundcloud to be embedded.

WEEK 6: politics

- Jason Cueto: use secondary research to gather info on news item 6, through BBC news and get an audio clip of Boris Johnson making a statement. 

- Panos Karachalios: create the script and completed by TUESDAY!

- Patricia Tiparu: record news item 6 when the script is ready. Completed by WEDNESDAY 

- Alberto Santos Pinto: finish editing by FRIDAY and have it uploaded on Soundcloud to be embedded. Ensure that you use the amplify tool. 

WEEK 7: education

- Jason Cueto:  use secondary to find a news item related to education news item. Completed by MONDAY!

- Panos Karachalios: create the script by TUESDAY! If possible gather interviews. 

-Patricia Tiparu: finish recording the script by THURSDAY! 

- Alberto Santos Pinto: Finish editing the recording by SATURDAY! and have it uploaded on Soundcloud to be embedded

WEEK: 8 weather

- Jason Cueto: go to BBC News to gather info about a weather report and gather SFX from freesoud.org, must be completed by MONDAY!

- Panos Karachalios: finish the script by TUESDAY!

- Patricia Tiparu: finish the recording the script by WEDNESDAY!

- Alberto Santos Pinto: finish editing the recording by SATURDAY! and have it uploaded on Soundcloud to be embedded.

Here is our schedule for creating our 5min news bulletin where it is showing evidence of us, each week planing and appointing roles to each other what things we have to do and when we have to complete it. The schedule shows how we effectively have organised our production and therefore presenting a very high quality presentation of our work throughout the week.

Our flow chart

Here is our flow chart for news item 1

The image above is our flow chart for news item 1 where it shows the stages in which what things go first and what comes afterward which would then eventually create our finished news item. As editor of our group I created this flow chart in order to make the process of recording this news item much easier, as it provides an organise arrange of where things would go. As a result, this flow chart allowed me to create a effective and smooth news item.

News Item 1 celebrity

Image of where we got our news item for the topic of celebrities

The first news item me and my group have done is celebrity (lifestyle) where found a great news story to talk about within an first news item regarding on the news topic of celebrity where we found an article stating "X-Factor: Can Honey G's disco dream stay for another week" and from further reading the article I was able to discover that Honey G is a very controversial contestant as she receive a lot of fame through her singing in the ITV singing talent show called X-Factor. Therefore as a result will based our entire first item using this news story along with the controversial talk around her as well by using the interviews we have collected to further gain more depth on her people think of her.

A image of the interview question for this news item

Here shows evidence of our Voxpox question me and my group created on asking people within harrow road about Honey G going through the next round and also an image of us interviewing people about it. From the interviews we have done we were able to find out that their is a mix view of Honey G suggesting that Honey G is seen as entertainment for others, while it is also a annoyance to other people.

Evidence of me using audacity to edit the news item

Here is a image of me editing the news item by using audacity where a member of my group have created a jingle or our news bulletin by using a program called audacity where they have used suitable music  for news bulletin so that our news bulletin is a more realistic like other news bulletins. Additionally, I have also used a tool in audacity called the envelope tool where I was able to tone down a certain within a recording in the news bulletin so that the transition of the next recording cue after it would seem more smooth and that it is more clearly hear than the recent recording. Furthermore, another tool I have used within audacity is the amplify effect where it allowed me to lower or increase the pitch of a certain recording so that it may not seem too quiet or loud for the audience to hear.  

Here is the first news item:

This is the first news item that me and my group have created and it contains the codes and convections of a jingle, a music soundtrack, an continuity presenter and a voxpox which allows us to produce an actual news item, plus it is also below 40 seconds meaning that it fits all of the requirements of it being an news item. 

News item 2 travel

Image of our second news item- Travel

For our second news item me and my group used a website called harrow times where it helped found an interesting story for next news item travel talking about " London underground staff to cast ballots on strike over safety concerns, despite safety programme from mayor of London". This would be an example of secondary research in which I used existing sources in order for me to be able to find the necessary information to be used within this news item. And I decided to choose this news story due to the fact the London underground strikes will affect many commuters who need to access them, which will therefore affect the process of business and so it should be news story well discussed.

Evidence of me using the auto duck tool

Whilst editing news item 2 I have decided to use the tool called auto duck which reduces or ducks the volume of one or more selected tracks, whether the volume of a single unselected track is places underneath a particular threshold level. I used in order to make the background lower during the moment when a correspondent speaks due to the fact that it makes the correspondent voice to be heard more clearer, while still containing the background sound in it. In my opinion the auto duck tool is a much easier and simpler comparison of the envelope tool due the fact that you have to reduce a track manually when using the envelope tool which can take a long. Whereas the auto duck tool automatically does it for you when you want to select a specific part of the track to be reduced.

The script for news item 2

The image above shows a screenshot of the script that we created for news item 2. The script overall is short as it consists of just the continuity presenter and a clip of one TSSA workers explaining why they going to strike which overall contains only 2 codes and convections. The reason in which this news item is short is due to the fact that we only want to tell our audience what they need to know. This is because we don't believe that it is necessary for our audience to listen us explain the situation within transport staff, as since during that given moment they want to know more about the strike by the TSSA workers and how is it going to affect them.  Therefore, the news item 2 script is presented this way in order to provide information that gets straight to the point, so that it wouldn't bore our audience.



Here is news item 2:

News item 3 crime

Image of our third news item-Crime

For our third news item me and group have decided to do the news item of crime due to the fact when our group was walking in harrow where we found police surrounding a Harrow Bus Station. So we decided to look this up in Harrow times where we found the headline "Five arrested for violent disorder after forcing their way onto a bus in Harrow". This news item would be worthy news story due to the fact that it is an example of the news value of timelessness in which this affects people relatively and as Harrow is an local area it would affect people living within harrow. This research we conducted on finding this news item of secondary data is effective due to the fact that we are able to find a news worthy story in an quick and accessible process.

Script For News Item 3 (Draft Version)

Our latest version for news item 3 script

Here is the script that Panos a member of my group have done for news item 3 where shows our continuity presenter (Patricia) where shows what she will say within the recording of the news item. Additionally, from the script we also contain a interview on where ask someone who was near or usually walks Harrow Bus Station questions on how they feel about this violent disorder there as part of the key things that need to be included within the news item. 

Evidence of me editing News item 3, along with using the amplify effect

From this image it shows evidence of me editing news item 3 crime in audacity where it is still in the process of being completed, where I have used various of tools in which to edit this news item but the most common/significant tool in which I used to edit this is the amplify effect. This is because due to our presenter (Patricia) voice was being overlap with our soundtrack I decided to use the amplify to lower the sound of the soundtrack. At the same time I had to lower Patricia's voice in order to feel with the sound of the soundtrack in order for the soundtrack to still be heard. Additionally, I also had to do this order for Patricia voice to be clear so that the audience are able to hear her since she's the continuity presenter . 

Here is the third news item:

News item 4 follow-up

Image of fourth news item Follow-up

For my fourth news item we decided to do 'follow-up' which is a existing news story that has gotten a update towards the situation of the story. To find this news story I have used the website called Harrowtimes.com which is an example of secondary research that I used to find this news item. This website is helpful as it finds a good brief of what's happening in harrow which allowed me to find the headline of "Update: 18-year-old murder victim named". From what this headline suggests the word "Update" would imply that this story relates to a previously story in which new information has been given which is good thing and as means it is a news worthy story. This is because it follows the new value of follow ups in which a important news story where more information has been released to the people of that area. 

Script for news item 4

Here is the script that my group's scriptwriter created where it shows the use of different codes and convections such as a continuity presenter and a outside broadcast. In the script it contains a lot of factual details within it, which is good due to the fact that when a real news bulletin will talk about something serious it will include a lot of factual or statistical data in order for the audience to know the full account of what had happen. Therefore, most of the information is purely facts and nothing unnecessary as in every news bulletin when they talk about murder they must get to the point in order for the audience to be reel on what the presenter is saying otherwise they would find it tedious and boring. 

Evidence of me using the sync lock tool

In the image above it shows me using the tool called 'sync lock' which were I selected a number of tracks while the sync lock is on and then it will allow me to move the selected tracks simultaneously. This tool is useful to me due to the fact that it makes things whilst editing more quicker and convenient for me as I can simultaneously move the tracks rather moving them all one by one which would take me longer to edit. I had used the sync lock tool when editing news item 4 as I needed to all of the tracks from it at the same time in order to place in a specific place which because of the sync lock was a very quick process that only took a short amount of time.  


Here is news item 4:



News item 5 business

A photo taken of the Bombay central restaurant for news item 5

For my 5th news item we decided to do the news topic of business where we had used a mix of secondary and primary research to get this news item. This is because we first started off by doing some primary research by heading to harrow where we found a sign saying 'visit Bombay Central crowned restaurant of the year in harrow'. From there we asked it's manager on how he felt about achieving this reward. In order to get more details regarding Bombay Central we did secondary research where we used the site harrowtimes.com to get some information relating to the business news topic in harrow. This is where came across a news story talking about a restaurant called Bombay central where it received a reward of the best restaurant of the year.

Evidence of me using the equalization effect.

In the image above it shows me using the equalization effect while editing news item 5. The equalization effect is an effect in which you are manipulating sounds by frequency where it allows you to increase the volume of some frequencies and reduce others. While editing news item 5 I use the equalization effect when editing the what the manager of Bombay Central was saying. This was done in order to make it seem like an telephone call with him by selecting a certain curve from the equalization effect, which reduce a certain of volume within the frequency of the recording in order to sound like an telephone call. This useful due to the fact it adds more of a realistic style on how a real life news bulletin would use since they also contain telephone talks, and therefore make it seem professional by using these same concepts. 

News item 5 Script

In the screenshot above it shows the screenshot of the script that we created for news item 5. In the script it contains the codes and convections of continuity presenter, a sound effect and a interview along with the script it's self being long. This is the case since it's a more light-hearted news story compare to the more recent ones and as a result we wanted to stretch the news item more in order to add a more entertaining factor within our news bulletin.  

Here is news item 5:

News item 6 Politics 

Image of our 6th news item- Politics

For our 6th news item we used BBC news to get the news headline that we had covered in this news item where it talks about US relations with the UK and how Theresa may and Boris Johnson would discuss issuing an trade deal with Donald Trump which is a global headline. The reason in which we had decided to use headline since it is very well known topic and it is a good well to attract more audiences to listen towards our news bulletin. This is emphasis by the fact that we had place this news item relatively close to the beginning of our news bulletin, in order for the audience to know we are starting off big. Therefore, as a result we will be able to attracted more people to listen towards our news bulletin.

News item 6 script (Draft Version)

Latest version of News item script 6 

The image above is the script that my group's script writer created for this news item. In the news item we contain a vary amount of code and conventions within it such as an outside broadcast,  an clip of Boris Johnson talking and a continuity presenter which will suggest that we are following the rules within an actual news bulletin. Our script is longer than the usually scripts that we make due to the fact that we need to provide a lot of detail towards our audience about this issue. Therefore, since this is a global headline, the audience has to know the current status of what's going on, in order to get a full grasp of the topic. Therefore, this script was created in this way in order to match the needs of our audiences. 

Using clipping boundaries in audacity

In the image above it shows evidence of me editing in audacity by using clipping boundaries which is an tool in which it allows me to create a clip within an specific place in track that I had highlighted or selected it on.  I had used clipping boundaries in many occasions during the editing process of my news bulletin due to the fact of it being a very useful tool into when I wanted to place a particular part of an audio track in another audio track with no complications. 


  
Here is news item 6:



News item 7 Weather

For our 7th news item we had to talk about the current weather within harrow due to the fact that every realistic news bulletin will always talk the weather within their local area where they coverage their news from. In order to get the information on current weather of harrow we used the BBC website in order to get this information due to the fact on how reliable the BBC with the weather in local areas within England as they coverage a vast amount of news stories across the country. This is piece of information is secondary research since am using an existing source of information and it is was a good decision for my team's researcher to use the secondary research method to get harrow's weather as it is a quick, accessible and less time consuming way in getting information.





In our script for news item 7 is was a very short and precise script as the audience only needed to what was the current weather in harrow, meaning that it doesn't any unconventional codes and convections within it. The only codes and convections that news item 7 contains, is a jingle for the weather and a continuity presenter. This is because it is appropriate for the news item due to the fact that every realistic news bulletin would only contain a few codes and convections when they are talking about the current weather within their local area. Overall, this is very basic and short in order to make it seem appropriate and professional since the weather is a quite an important thing for someone living in a local area.

Evidence of making weather jingle in Garage Band

In the image above it shows my group's sound editor using garage band to edit the news jingle for news item 7. As you can see in the screenshot our sound editor used a lot of bass pianos to compose the tone of the jingle. This is because we want to make our weather jingle seem calm and simple since it reflects the amount we coverage about the weather. As a result, this will therefore imply that it is making a good and professional impression of what the listeners will expect for our coverage of the weather in harrow.



Here is our news item 7:



    

News Item 8 Education

The headline of News item 7

Here is our last news item which was taken from Harrow times in which is once again a great place to get secondary data regarding on news stories in harrow. However , this news item was added in to our news bulletin since it was original 4 minutes and 45 seconds, which doesn't match the actually require duration of an news bulletin. So therefore, we simply research another news item in order to make our news bulletin at least 5mins or more.

 

  

News Item 8 Script

The script of news item 8 is quite simple but contains important key details in which describe the events of this news item, in order for the audience to have a clear understanding of what the topic is about. In this news item we only contain the codes and convections of a continuity presenter since it is best for it to present when we trying to explain key details to our audience. This is because our audience are more used to listening to our presenter throughout the entire news bulletin and therefore more likely to understand what news item is about.

Here is news item 8:

The Final Production

 

Evaluation Question

In what ways does your media product use, develop or challenge forms and conventions of real media products?

For evaluation  question 1, we used Presiz to answer it.


How does your media product represent particular social groups?

What kind of media institution might distribute your media product and why?

For evaluation question 2 we used Microsoft PowerPoint to answer it.

For evaluation question 3 we used a program called ActivInspire

Who would be the audience for your media product?

For evaluation question 4, we used a program called VideoScribe

How did you attract/address your audience?

For evaluation question 5 we video recorded our answer.

Jingle


Trumpet Victory SFX
Bombay theme soundtrack

Honey G Soundtrack clip

What have you learnt about technologies from the process of constructing this product?


For evaluation question 6 we used a combination of using Presiz and a video recording

Looking back at your preliminary task, what do you feel you have learnt in the progression from
it to the full product? 

For evaluation question 7 we used a program called LightRoom